Field-assembled modular phased array satcom terminal

ABSTRACT

A field-assembled satellite communications terminal has a plurality of discrete, modular aperture blocks. Each aperture block contains an electrically steered antenna aperture, and a plurality of interconnection ports for power and data communications between the plurality of aperture blocks. The plurality of interconnection ports are removably connectable by the end user in the field, The terminal further has a signal processing system for receiving, processing, and generating signals to and from the apertures. The aperture blocks are connected to each other in the field and self-configure to form an electrically-steered antenna,

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 63/004,929, filed on Apr. 3, 2020, the content of whichis relied upon and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a manpack or portable VSAT satellitecommunications terminal, including antenna, modem, and supportingequipment.

BACKGROUND

Communications satellites provide connectivity around the globe across anumber of frequency bands and services to fixed, mobile, permanent, andtemporary sites. The VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) class ofservice that is provided in the X, Ku, and Ka frequency bands is used incivil, commercial, and defense applications that require globalconnectivity and high bandwidths from moderate aperture sizes.Alternate, lower frequency bands (UHF, L-, 5-, C-) services apply touses requiring much lower bandwidth, unless extremely large antennas canbe used.

Communicating with a satellite requires a terminal, which includes anantenna, modem, and associated amplifiers, mixers, and other RF ormicrowave components. Terminals are differentiated primarily by theantenna, and whether the antenna is fixed or steerable, mechanical orelectronic.

For defense and civil applications where intermittent and on-the-flycommunications are required in remote locations, a particular class ofterminals known as “manpack” are designed to be easily transported,assembled, operated, and disassembled by a very small group ofindividuals. Manpack terminals can be regarded as a subset of the classof Comms-on-the-Halt antennas, but specifically those that can betransported by one or two individuals on foot. Weight, powerconsumption, volume, and ease of use are key differentiators for thismarket segment. In particular, the ability to travel with an antenna onan aircraft in hand or checked luggage is highly regarded.

For VSAT frequencies, parabolic reflector antennas are almost universalamong manpack solutions. The most common approach is a parabolic dishthat is broken down into pieces that dip together to form the rightshape, with a central collapsible frame holding the feed antenna,subreflector, amplifiers, modem, batteries, and other equipment. Seee.g., Hawkeye III Lite, 1.2M Tri-band VSAT, www.L3Harris.com. The sizeand the weight determine whether the terminal is regarded as a manpackor a larger flyaway terminal that is intended for truck or planetransport rather than for individuals. There are varieties that are aninflatable sphere that contains the reflector and the feed. See e.g.,Expeditionary SATCOM, Cubic, www.cubic.com.

Some models have automatic motor-driven pointing, others require askilled or semi-skilled user to align the reflector with the desiredsatellite. Fully integrated pre-staged and pre-configured modems arevery common, since the end-users are interested in rapid setup andbreakdown of communications without the need for configuration andcomplex wiring or setup.

Flat panel antennas (see e.g., Paradigm Communications Swarm 45 (45 cm)Flat Panel Ka-Band Satellite Terminal, Digisat International, Inc.) arean alternative to parabolic reflectors as a fundamental antenna forSATCOM terminals. These terminals can be smaller and, in some cases,lighter than parabolic antennas, but typically are not used for verylarge aperture sizes and performance applications.

Typical phased array or electronically-steered antennas are rarely usedin manpack configurations primarily due to the high power consumptionrelative to the performance, as well as the limitation on aperture sizeimposed on a single-piece antenna designed to be man-portable. In otherapplications, phased arrays have many benefits, including the capabilityof near-instant steering and tracking with higher reliability, due to alack of moving parts. Getting high performance requires large aperturesizes, which also scales the power requirements,

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A field-assembled electronically-steered phased array for VSAT satellitecommunications that includes a set of independent, identical,self-contained aperture blocks. The aperture blocks snap togethermechanically or magnetically in the field with limited or no exposedcontacts, and self-configure and calibrate to form a single phased arrayor otherwise electrically-steered antenna aperture. Each block includescontrol, power supply, antenna segment, signal processing, andinterfaces so that any combination of blocks, from a single block up toa large, unspecified number, can be tiled together to form a functioningsatcom terminal. Different implementations may include integrated modemand batteries, or have a single externally-connected block that providesthose and other capabilities for the assembled terminal as a whole.

The overall antenna aperture having the combination of the antennaapertures from each of the assembled aperture blocks has gain andperformance corresponding to its size—the more blocks, the more antennagain, and the higher the achievable performance. In the field, as manyblocks as are available are combined on-the-fly to form a functioningcommunications terminal with automatic configuration, satellitetracking, and connection initialization, which can then be instantlydisassembled and distributed for transport, decentralizing thecommunications capability within a group of individuals compared to theconventional case of a single individual carrying the communicationsequipment. Each individual block is lightweight and easily transported.This system can be used as a manpack or flyaway terminal, with thenumber of modules allocated determining the overall performance.

The following references noted herein are incorporated by reference intheir entirety.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the disclosure having a collection of self-containedelectronically-steered modular antenna aperture blocks that interconnectin the field to form a terminal.

FIG. 2(a) shows the side and FIG. 2(b) shows the top view of theinterconnection structure and interfaces between two aperture blocksinvolving magnets for physical alignment and wireless data and powertransfer methods.

FIG. 2(c) shows the side and FIG. 2(d) shows the top view of analternate interconnection structure and interfaces between two apertureblocks involving transformers for power transfer and optical interfacesfor data transfer.

FIG. 2(e) shows the side and FIG. 2(f) shows the top view of a secondalternate interconnection structure and interfaces between two apertureblocks involving conductive contacts for power and data signals.

FIG. 3(a) shows a block diagram of a single antenna aperture block.

FIG. 3(b) shows a block diagram of an alternate implementation of asingle antenna aperture block with associated external modem and powersupply functionality.

FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of the electronically-steered modularterminal.

FIG. 5 shows representative options for the block shapes andinterconnection geometry.

FIG. 6 shows an aperture block constructed using a lens antenna array asthe electrically-steered antenna aperture.

FIGS. 7(a)-(d) show different size arrays constructed using the sameaperture block.

FIG. 8 demonstrates how the aperture can grow with arrays constructed ofvarying numbers of aperture blocks.

FIG. 9(a) shows an assembled terminal with accessories.

FIG. 9(b) shows an assembled terminal with external interface module,power, and modem blocks.

FIG. 10 is a workflow diagram illustrating the setup and operation ofthe terminal.

FIG. 11 shows a measurement system for measuring the relative positionand alignment between two aperture blocks for on-the-fly calibrationpurposes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

The accompanying drawings are incorporated in and constitute a part ofthis specification. It is to be understood that the drawings illustrateonly some examples of the disclosure and other examples or combinationsof various examples that are not specifically illustrated in the figuresmay still fall within the scope of this disclosure. Examples will now bedescribed with additional detail through the use of the drawings, inwhich:

This disclosure comprises a field-assembled satellite communicationsterminal intended for manpack or flyaway applications where portability,ease of use, and robustness are critically important, though otherapplications can also be provided. As shown in FIG. 1 , the satellitecommunications terminal 101 includes a plurality of interconnecteddiscrete aperture blocks 103, including a first block 103 a, secondblock 103 b, third block 103 c, and fourth block 103d, though anysuitable number of blocks 103 can be utilized. Generally, each discreteblock 103 in an array 101 is identical, interconnected with itsneighbors in a modular fashion with potential rotations between adjacentblocks to form a larger, interconnected array of blocks of an arbitrarysize to form a satellite communications terminal, from a single block toa large number of blocks. Each modular block can operate independentlyif appropriately connected to power and local data communicationschannel (i.e., ethernet, modem) with the end user, but the more modularblocks are interconnected, the greater the capability of the combinedterminal. In this illustration, each block 103 is substantially squareor rectangular, with four sides having edges, and an aperture 105arranged at the center of the block 103; different block shapes are alsopossible.

One key feature of the disclosure is that the discrete, modular blocks103 are assembled into a terminal 101 on-demand by the end user in thefield (e.g., at the point of use, without a requirement for specialtytools or training), that the combined blocks then self-calibrate andinitialize themselves to communicate with a satellite no matter how manyblocks are in use. The signals received from the satellite andtransmitted to the satellite from each aperture block are transferredbetween blocks as digitized waveforms having digital samples of thewaveform either at the RF frequency or at an Intermediate Frequency (IF)or at baseband, to reduce the DSP requirements. This is different fromother phased arrays described as composed of modular subarrays that areassembled into an array, but are assembled and calibrated in the factoryor during installation on a mobile platform, and are not repeatedlydisassembled and reassembled into a functional terminal in varyingnumbers and configurations by the end user. Self-calibration to correctfor time-dependent changes to thermal or frequency response is common inexisting phased arrays, but this standard capability (also calledBuilt-In Test [BIT]) does not support the terminal's continued operationafter being disassembled into component modules, transported, andreassembled in potentially different shapes and configurations when nextrequired. The exchange of digitally sampled waveform data simplifies thecalibration process, since the digital communications removes thesensitivity to phase and magnitude variations in each block connectionthat would differ with each assembly. Once digitized, the waveforms canbe transferred between the modular, field-assembled blocks withoutdistortion or signal loss.

A key feature of each block 103 is the phased array or otherelectrically-steered antenna aperture 105, which is recessed inside ofbut at the top of the block 103 such that it can radiate freely into theupper hemisphere. When the blocks are interconnected for operation inthe field, the antenna aperture 105 of each block 103 are enabled andoperate together to form a larger, combined or aggregate antennaaperture, with gain and overall antenna performance commensurate withthe size of the combined or aggregate antenna aperture. A variablenumber of blocks 103 can be assembled into an array. The blocks areinterconnected through communications and power transfer ports 107,which also provide for mechanical alignment & orientation between theblocks 103. The ports constrain adjacent blocks to be coplanar (towithin mechanical tolerances) and oriented with their normal axes in thesame direction, such that all antenna apertures 105 are coplanar towithin mechanical tolerances and facing in the same direction, so thatthey may all communicate with the same targets. In this way, a singleaperture block 103 may connect to additional blocks 103 a and 103 b viathe ports 107. In the embodiment shown, the port 107 is located at thecenter of each side edge of the block 103. The housing or outer case ofeach block 103 should be sealed and proofed against environmentalconditions experienced outdoors (moisture, dust, sand, mud, etc.). Thehousing includes the RF-transparent radome above the antenna aperture105 The ports 107 are formed in the block housing in a manner to preventmoisture or contaminant ingress.

The terminal 101 can be designed to operate at any frequency band, butthe preferred implementation is for one of the common VSAT frequencybands of X-band, Ku-band, and the military and commercial Ka-band. Toincrease operational flexibility, operation across multiple bands in thesame aperture is highly desirable for example, a single terminal thatwould operate across the X and Ku, or Ku and Ka bands.

Each block should be capable of both transmitting and receivingsatellite signals through the antenna aperture 105, either in switchedhalf-duplex mode, or simultaneous full-duplex through separate subsetsof the antenna for transmit and receive, or a shared aperture. Althoughit would be possible to have separate aperture blocks 103 that eithertransmit or receive and construct a terminal 101 from both, that wouldplace more constraints on the assembly of the blocks to form afunctioning terminal, since the right proportion and arrangement isrequired.

An antenna aperture 105 that supports multiple transmit and receivebeams simultaneously is highly desirable, since the terminal 101 as awhole could then support multiple beams to allow connections to multiplesatellites simultaneously. This is desirable to allow more resilientcommunications through multiple ground gateways or to selectively routecommunications through two different networks with different bandwidthor latency or data security characteristics. In addition, the newconstellations of NGSO (Non-Geostationary Orbit) satellites, includingthose in LEO (Low-Earth Orbit), MEO (Medium-Earth Orbit) and HEO(Highly-Elliptical Orbit), are benefited by terminals with multiplebeams frorn the same aperture that can allow seamless make-before-breakhandovers.

The interconnection ports 107 between aperture blocks 103 are used forall data and power transfer between the different blocks. Althoughmultiple methods of implementation are possible, including conventionalports, plugs, headers, and/or cables, any solution that involves exposedcontacts or holes is susceptible to damage or becoming inoperable due todirt, grease, moisture, or any number of environmental contaminants orconditions. For this reason, one embodiment of the disclosure usesshort-range high-speed wireless links for data and inductive couplingfor bulk power transfer, as illustrated in FIG. 2 , where a magnifiedview from the side FIG. 2(a) and top FIG. 2(b) are demonstrated.

In all cases, the implementations of the interconnection ports 107 mustbe symmetric across the geometric center line to allow for identicalports on neighboring blocks 103 to interface. For example, a singlepower transformer coil 205 should be centered within the port 107, whileposts 203 and holes 201 intended to interface with each other fromneighboring blocks should be symmetric about the centerline.

In one embodiment, the outer cases or housings of the aperture blocks103 are sealed, with no holes or perforations. For alignment, the ports107 (including power and data transfer capability) include alignmentfeatures that are formed by symmetric alignment and mounting holes 201and posts 203 that align the aperture blocks 103 as they are broughttogether.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 , the holes 201 of the ports107 a are recessed inward from the side edge of the block 103. The holes201 have a first side wall 202, a second side wall 204, and a bottomsurface 206 formed between the first and second side walls 202, 204. Theside walls 202, 204 can be angled to be tapered outward so that theopening at the top of the hole 201 is larger than the bottom 206 of thehole 201, to allow simple alignment between the blocks 103. As bestshown in FIG, 2(a), the hole can be circular or oval in shape, but canalso take on other shapes, such as substantially square or rectangular.

The posts 203 have a mirrored geometry to the holes 201, to allow theposts of one block 103 a to engage with the holes of a second block 103b, and vice versa. The posts 203 project outward from the side edge ofthe block 103. The posts 203 have a first side wall 208, a second sidewall 210, and a top surface 212 formed between the first and second sidewalls 208, 210. The posts 203 form a base at the side edge of the block103. The side walls 208, 210 can be angled to be tapered upward so thatthe top surface 210 is smaller than the base. As best shown in FIG.2(a), the post 203 can be circular or oval in shape, matching the shapeof the hole 201,

The holes 201 and posts 203 are angled and shaped so that the holes 201and posts 203 slidably interconnect and mate with the respective posts203 and holes 201 of a neighboring aperture block 103, as shown in FIG.1 . Thus, for example, the side walls 202, 204 of the hole 201 slidablyreceive the side walls 208, 210 of a neighboring mating block post 203.When fully mated, the top surface 212 of the post 203 contacts with thebottom surface 206 of the hole 201, supporting either direct electricalengagement of contacts, inductive coupling between power-transmissiontransformer coils, and/or wireless data transmission via adjacenttransceivers within the holes 201 and posts 203 respectively.

As further shown in FIG. 1 , the second side wall 204 of the hole 201can be continuous with the first side wall 208 of the post 203.Accordingly, the post 203 of one block can slide along the first sidewall 208 of a neighboring block and along the second side wall 204 ofthe hole 201 to be received in the hole 201. In another embodiment shownin FIGS. 2(a), 2(b), the hole 201 and post 203 can be separated slightlyto form a bridge 214 therebetween.

Powerful magnets 209 a and 209 b are aligned with appropriatepolarization within the holes 201 and posts 203 to hold the modulestogether. In addition, electronic components, such as short-rangehigh-frequency communications components such as microchips 207a, 207 b(see e.g., Keyssa technology, www.keyssa.com, © 2021 Keyssa, Inc.) aremounted in each of the holes 201 and posts 203, passing trafficwirelessly between two aperture blocks 103 via the ports 107.

As shown in the embodiment of FIGS. 2(a), 2(b), a first magnet 209 a ismounted at the center of the interior surface (i,e., inside the hole,internal to the block body) of the bottom 206 of the hole 201, such asrecessed in the bottom 206 of the hole 201 and substantially flush withthe bottom surface 206 of the hole 201. And a first electronic device orcomponent 207 a is mounted just to the side of the first magnet 209 a atthe interior surface of the bottom 206 of the hole 201, such as recessedin the bottom 206 of the hole 201 and substantially flush with thebottom surface 206 of the hole 201. And, a second magnet 209 b ismounted at the center of and recessed within the outside surface of thetop 212 of the post 203 to be substantially flush with the top surface.And a second electronic component 207 b is mounted just to the side ofthe second magnet 209 b and recessed within the outside surface of thetop 212 of the post 203 to be substantially flush with the top surface.

The first and second magnets 209 a, 209 b attract each other.Accordingly, as the post 203 is being slidably received by the hole 201,the magnets 209 a, 209 b exert an attractive magnetic force that drawsthe post 203 fully into the hole 201 to fully engage the neighboringblocks with one another and to maintain the engagement of theneighboring blocks. In addition, a user can pull the neighboring blocksapart, if desired.

The first and second electronic components 207 a, 207 b are positionedto align with a respective mating component 207 b, 207 a of theneighboring block. Once the neighboring blocks are fully engaged, thefirst and second electronic component 207 a, 207 b are aligned with eachother and communicate via a short-range wireless channel, such as viaultra-wideband transceivers or inductive or capacitive coupling withoutelectrical contact. In one embodiment, the magnet 209 a and/or theelectronic component 207 a can be recessed at the outside surface of thehole 201 to be substantially flush with the inside surface of the hole201. The magnets 209 a, 209 b can also be located internal to the blockbody and exert a magnetic force that extends through the block body intothe hole or through the post top.

Depending on the capability of the chip 207, each of these chips maypass bidirectional traffic, or may transmit data in only one direction,with data transmitted through the hole 201 and received through the post203, or vice versa. When the two aperture blocks 103 are aligned andinterfaced via the holes 201 and posts 203, the magnets 209 hold themtogether with the appropriate tolerances such that the communicationschips are correctly aligned for proper operation. The magnets 209 andcommunications microchips 207 are inside the hermetically sealed blockcase or housing, and are not visible from outside the aperture block.The magnetic coupling and data transfer are accomplished through themagnetically- and RF-transparent (polymer) housing, or through RF- andmagnetically-transparent windows within a non-transparent housing. Theports 107 coexist within the sealed case or housing of the apertureblock 103 with the aperture 105. The data to be exchanged includeslow-speed control, calibration, and health information, as well as thehigh-speed digitized waveform data for each receive and transmit beam tobe carried by the terminal 101.

A power transfer mechanism 205, such as an inductive coupling loop ortransformer is used to transfer power between the blocks 103 forming theterminal 101. Power transfer between aperture blocks 103 allows forembedded batteries to be charged from a single external powerconnection, or for operational power to be provided to the entire arrayin the case where no batteries are included in each aperture block. Themechanism 205 can be an open coil of wire or a wire-wrapped ferrite corein linear or half-circle configuration to increase the transferefficiency of the coil. The use of wireless communications and wirelesspower transfer between blocks increases the power requirements of thearray over and above the direct needs of the terminal; optimizing thepower transfer efficiency as much as possible is important forminimizing the power consumption as much as possible, increasing thebattery life or decreasing the number of batteries required. In theembodiment shown, the power transfer mechanism 205 can be mounted to thebridge 214 between the hole 201 and the post 203.

As alternate alignment features instead of magnets 209 (FIGS. 2(a),2(b)), mechanical devices can be provided at each hole 201 and post 203that removably and reliably connect the hole 201 and post 203 with thepost 203 and hole 201 of a neighboring block, and at the same timeprovide an electronic connection between the electronic components 207a, 207 b. For example, one embodiment of the interconnection port 107 bis shown in FIGS. 2(c) (side view) and 2(d) (top view). In thisimplementation, one or more posts 241 replace the post 203 and one ormore slots 243 replace the hole 201 and are configured to mechanicallyregister the locations of the neighboring aperture blocks 103, and allowfor a flexible clip 245 in one aperture block to removably connect witha mating slot 247 in the other aperture block. As shown, the posts 241can be spaced apart from the slots 243, for example at opposite ends ofthe block 103 and separated by other components at the side edge orsurface of the block, such as light sources 257 and/or receivers 259. Inthe embodiment of FIG. 2(c), two posts 241 and two slots 243 are shown,though any suitable number can be provided. Whereas in the embodiment ofFIGS. 2(a), (b), the hole 201 and post 203 are adjacent to one anotherat a same area at the side edge or surface of the block 103 withoutcomponents located at the surface therebetween (it is noted that thepower transfer 205 is recessed at or beneath the surface), Though theposts and slots are shown at facing edges of the block 103, they can beat a positioned anywhere on the block such as at the top and/or bottomsurface. In yet another embodiment, one or more of the light sources 257and/or light receivers 259 can be positioned to the outside of therespective post 241 and/or hole 243.

In one example embodiment, a mating feature such as a catch or button249, can be integrated with the mating slot 247 and used to engage anddisengage the mechanical clip 245 and allow the two aperture blocks 103to be removably connected and disconnected. The use of mechanical clips245 may be preferable over magnets 209, as the structure can be mademore robust and rigid when connected and protecting against accidentaldisconnection, but requiring more effort to connect and disconnect. Theuse of mechanical clips increases the rigidity of the assembled terminal101, and (for example) might allow the assembled terminal 101 composedof a number of aperture blocks 103 to be placed such that it issupported only from the edges, such as when tilted at an angle byresting on a stand or rock, thus increasing the operational flexibilityof the terminal.

In this implementation, a PCB-integrated ferrite transformer coil 205 bis used to transfer power in either direction between the two apertureblocks, preferably a ferrite pot core to contain the fields of thetransformer and increase efficiency. A PCB-integrated planar ferritecore that uses traces on the PCB for the field windings of thetransformer is a good solution, since the resulting transformer can havea very low profile and minimize the size and mass required for a givenpower transfer. Circuitry integrated into the interconnection port 107 bwould monitor the transformer and indicate when a neighboring block wasinstalled and available to deliver or receive power. The circuitry wouldthen configure the interconnection port 107 to either receive power,deliver power, or neither through the transformer depending on therequirements of the system.

In the embodiment of FIGS. 2(c), 2(d), data transfer is accomplishedthrough optical devices. One or more high-speed light sources 257 areexcited by circuitry to carry a signal in one aperture block 103, theresulting light would then be received by a matching and aligned one ormore light receivers 259 in the other aperture block. In thisimplementation 107 b, light sources 257 and receivers 259 replace thehigh-speed data interfaces 207 a, b within the port 107 for transferringdata between blocks 103. Each aperture block would have both lightsources 257 and light receivers 259 to both send and receive data,respectively, through the interconnection port 107 b. An exampleimplementation would use an LED 255 coupled to a corresponding lightpipe or light guide 256 to drive the light source 257, and a photodiodeor phototransistor sensor 254 coupled to a corresponding light pipe orlight guide 258 to detect the light received by the light receiver 259.In this case, the light guides 256, 258 would be used to couple thelight from the LED 255 and sensor 254 to the source 257 and receiver 259while the LED 255 and sensor 254 are installed on a printed circuitboard 253 internal to the aperture block 103. Stated otherwise, thelight sources 257 and light receivers 259 can be positioned at the endsurface of the block, and the LED 255 and phototransistor 254 can belocated within the block and connected by guides 256, 258, respectively.With a high-speed LED 255 and photodiode 254, high data transmissionrates can be achieved, with additional pairs of sources 257 and sensors259 added to support even higher rates as might be required for broadinstantaneous bandwidths or multiple simultaneous beams. The outersurfaces of the light guides 256, 258 must be at least relatively deanin order to transfer light, but the surface design of the sources andsensors 257, 259 can be designed to avoid trapping dirt or othercontaminants so that the surface can be quickly cleaned.

In another embodiment, the interconnection port 107 c is shown from theside in FIG. 2(e) and the top in FIG. 2 (1). In this implementation,alignment features such as pegs 241 and slots 243 are configured tomechanically register the locations of the neighboring aperture blocks103. Embedded recesses 285 in the housing are then included to allow anexternal retaining clip or snap to be installed to hold the neighboringblocks 103 together. The benefits of an external clip are the ease ofinstallation and the tension that it can withstand when connected can becontrolled better.

In this implementation, electrical contacts 283 are used in eachinterconnection port 107 c for power transfer between the apertureblocks. The benefits of direct electrical contacts are increased powertransfer efficiency over a transformer-based approach and thereforereduced overall power draw and reduced heating, as well as increaseddesign simplicity and reduced cost. However, exposed contacts must beprotected from moisture and contaminants, and this can be performed withan integrated cover, such as a flexible silicone lid 281 over the port107 that can be removed for installation and replaced for storage andtransport. Similar to the power transfer, data signals may be carried byelectrical contacts 287, 289, with the same benefits and costs. In thisimplementation 107 c, plugs 287 and sockets 298 replace the high-speeddata interfaces 207 a, b within the port 107 for transferring databetween blocks 103.

The different options discussed for the alignment and mechanicalmounting between aperture blocks 103, power transfer between blocks 103,and data transfer between blocks may be applied in differentcombinations, and not only those illustrated as examples here.

FIG. 3(a) illustrates one embodiment of the functionality andsubcomponents of the aperture block 103, including any of theimplementations shown in FIG. 1 or FIGS. 2 (a)-(f). The general apertureblock 103 contains a plurality of interconnection ports 107, where theywould be geometrically located around the perimeter of the block whereappropriate interconnect to neighboring blocks 103 of the terminal 103.The physical arrangement of blocks 103 may be a uniform arrangement withall blocks identically arranged (as would be the case with squares) ormay involve rotations with only some ports 107 m of some blocks able tointerconnect with specific ports 107 n on neighboring blocks 103.

The physical user interface on each block has a plurality of inputbuttons 301 and indicator lights 303, located where both would bephysically accessible while the array is connected and operational. Thelocation could be on one or more of the sides, or the front or rear faceof the aperture block, depending on the application and installationcase. Multiple sets of input buttons 301 and lights 303 could be locatedaround the aperture block 103 to allow for easy access in differentarrangements and orientations. Control and configuration of the blocks103 and the terminal 101 overall is performed primarily using externalcontrol (such as a software application running on an end-user device,or the modem, or a virtual control panel running as a web applicationhosted on the terminal) rather than the physical interface 301 and 303,which can be used for simple activity such as power-on and power-down.

The data to/from the interconnection ports 107 m, n, p through thehigh-speed data interfaces 207 and the user interface 301, 303 are bothdirectly connected via transmission lines 307 and 305, respectively, tothe communications controller 311, which might be implemented as amicrocontroller or similar device responsible for managing the dataentering and leaving the block 103. The power transfer mechanism 205 ofthe interconnection ports 107 are connected to and controlled by thepower manager 313, which controls the flow of power between blocks 103via power line 309, manages and charges the batteries 315 (while poweris supplied from one of the ports 107 m,n,p) via the unregulated supplylines 317, as well as supplies regulated power from the batteries 315 tothe rest of the block electronic components via power lines 319. Thepower manager may use data transferred between blocks via 207 to changethe flow of power through the power transfer mechanism 205,

The Antenna aperture 105 is a segment of a phased array or other varietyof electrically-steered antenna (ESA) selected for power efficiency andability to operate in discrete blocks that receives and generates thesatellite signals 304. This might be, for example, a conventional patchantenna phased array in a rectangular, triangular, or irregular grid, anarray based on digital or analog beamforming and phase shifting, or anarray based on liquid crystal or other tunable material. The block 103can utilize any electrically-steered antenna, but is especially usefulwith antenna having reduced power consumption, such as in U.S. Pat. No.10,116,051, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated byreference. The benefits of this system for a conventional phased arrayantenna include that the aperture can be broken into smaller pieces andis therefore more transportable and yields more flexibility inapplications since larger or smaller apertures can be constructed andoperated on-demand.

The state and operation of the ESA is controlled via control signals 331by the antenna control logic 327 running on the data processor 325(e.g., implemented as a FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) or SoC(System on Chip)). The RF or IF signals 333 (which may be digital oranalog signals) to/from the aperture 105 are passed to the DSP processor335, which performs filtering, processing, time and phase shifting, anddata combinations on the received and transmitted signals, includingcombining the signals with data from neighboring blocks 103 through theinterconnections ports 107 and communications processor 311. Theprocessed data 361 is then passed to the data processor 325, which workswith the data depending on the configuration of the array. The overallcombination of components in the block is novel to a single apertureblock, along with the combinations such that multiple blocks arecombined and operate jointly is novel.

The data processor 325 works very closely with the orchestrationprocessor 339 to control the operation and state of the array. The dataprocessor 329 handles the real-time signal processing and controloperations, while the orchestration processor 339 is the primarycontroller of the block, and manages the communications flow 323, 321from block 103 to block, decides power allocation between blocks andcomponents of a block, configures the data processor 325 via 337,manages and integrates the sensor data 341 from the Inertial NavigationUnit 343 and GNSS receiver 345, stores and retrieves configuration data355 from memory 353, coordinates behavior and operation with theorchestration controllers 339 of other interconnected blocks 103, andultimately controls the user interface and configuration through thedata ports 107 or on-board interface 301, 303. The GNSS antenna 347receives GNSS signals (i.e., GPS) 349 and passes those signals to theGNSS receiver 345, which provides position and time data to theorchestration processor 339 that runs the antenna controller and setsthe pointing direction of the terminal to a given satellite based on theterrninal's location and orientation.

The data processor 325 is implemented using reconfigurable hardware(such as an FPGA) so that the functionality and features of each blockcan be modified by software. When a terminal 101 is assembled and inoperation, one of the constituent blocks 103 will be selectedautomatically to be the master or primary block from which the otherslave or secondary blocks will be controlled, one will be selected toact as the modem, one will be selected to act as the antenna controlunit (ACU), and so forth for the functions for which only one instanceis needed. In some cases, a single block may act in multiple rolessimultaneously. Any block 103 that is not selected to act in a specialway acts as a standard block, which optionally receives data comprisingdigital samples of a received waveform from neighboring aperture blocksfrom its ports 107, processes that digitally sampled waveform data alongwith the digitally processed waveform data 361 to produce a combinedsampled signal from its own DSP processor 335, and forwards the combineddigitally processed waveform data from the current block 103 as well asthe neighboring blocks to another port 107.

Data received by the antenna apertures 105 is summed together in adistributed fashion by all of the aperture blocks 103 before beingrouted and combined in turn by neighboring blocks 103 until the final,total data representing the satellite signal received by the entireterminal 101 reaches the specific block 103 acting as the modem (orholding the interface to the external modem). Each of the blocks 103 iscapable of acting as any of the roles by loading a respective FPGA orsoftware image 357 from the image storage 351, which contains images forall of the features and functionality that is required. Somefunctionality 327, which is the control logic for the aperture 105, isincluded in every aperture block 103, where the remaining unallocatedcapacity 329 on the data processor 325 is configured dynamically in eachblock at array setup time based on the needs of the terminal. Theunallocated capacity 329 is used to implement the control processes onthe primary block, the modem functionality, and the antenna control unit(ACU) functionality on the selected aperture blocks 103.

Although FIG. 3(a) shows a large number of features and subcomponentsincluded in the aperture block 103, there is the option for some to beregarded as optional or only be included in different variants of theaperture block to save costs. For example, some modules could containthe battery unit 315, others the FPGA processing block 325, and othersthe GNSS receiver 345; then, as long as at least one aperture block inthe array contained each of the required features, the array wouldfunction. This would reduce the cost of each block by reducing theinstalled components, but would multiply the number of aperture blockvariants and increase the risk of missing an essential element whenassembling a terminal, reducing the flexibility of the installation andconfiguration. For this reason, the preferred embodiment is for eachaperture block to contain all illustrated features and functionality, sothat the aperture blocks 103 are interchangeable, and any combination ofblocks can be used to form a functioning terminal.

Accordingly, FIG. 3(a) shows a fully self-contained implementation withbatteries and a controller embedded so that there are no single pointsof failure. FIG. 3(b) shows a simplified option that requires dedicatedexternal hardware (controller, modem, power), but reduces the cost,weight, power of the antenna overall. Thus, FIG. 3(b) shows an alternateimplementation of the functionality and subcomponents of the apertureblock 103, where components that would only be required in a singleblock 103 of the terminal are removed to an external user interfaceblock 381, modem & antenna controller block 383, and external batterypack 315 z. In this alternate implementation, features such as thebattery 315, physical user interface 301, 303, Inertial Navigation Unit343 and GNSS receiver 345 are omitted from the terminal block 103 andinstead installed externally. In this way, the cost of the apertureblocks is reduced, since only one aperture block 103 in an arrayrequires a user interface or GNSS receiver, for example. The externaluser interface block 381 then connects to an aperture block 103 via aninterconnection port 107 (transferring power via 205 and control anddigitally sampled waveforms via 207) in the same way as two apertureblocks 103 might be connected. A communications controller or processor311 z receives and transmits over lines 307 z signals from I to the port107 z, and also interfaces over lines 305 z with the user interfacecomponents 301 z, 303 z. An orchestration processor 339 z receives input341 z from the IMU 343 z and GNSS receiver 345 z, which operates with asimilar antenna 347 z and GNSS signals 349 as when installed in theaperture block 103. The GNSS receiver 345 z, IMU 343 z, and userinterface 301 z and 303 z must be directly attached to an aperture block103 to ensure that the position and motion data is directly relevant tothe antenna aperture for calibration purposes.

Additional processing capacity 325 z for the modem functionality runningvia a data processor 329 z and an overall power supply 313 z may beoptionally connected via a cable 385 to another block 383 that could besuitable for carrying in a backpack or other convenient method. Anexternal or integrated high-capacity battery pack 315 z would also beavailable to be carried in a similar convenient fashion.

The benefit of this alternate implementation as illustrated in FIG. 3(b)over that illustrated in FIG. 3(a) is that the mass and cost of theaperture block 103 is reduced due to common functionality being includedin a single external block 381, rather than in every aperture block 103.That, in turn, enables use of a traditional phased array or otherelectronically-steered antenna (such as a lens array antenna) to be usedin a manpack configuration. A separate user interface 301 z, 303 z alsoallows controlling the assembled antenna 101 from further away. It isnoted that any one or more of the operational components 311, 313, 325,329, 327, 335 can be a processing device, such as a processor,controller or ASIC. The components 311, 313, 325, 329, 327, 335 can beseparate or combined into one or more integrated processing devices. Anycombination of 103, 381, 383 may be carried by a single individual in abackpack or other container, with other items 103, 381, 383 beingcarried by others, and the terminal assembled when required.

FIG. 4 demonstrates how the aperture blocks 103 interconnect via theirports 107 to form a representative terminal 101, with associatedaccessories 421, 431, 441, 451, 461 connected using the same ports 107.One of the blocks 103 may be selected jointly by the orchestrationprocessors during startup to be the primary block 103 m, based on a setof criteria that might include proximity to the other blocks andrelevant accessories to minimize the complexity of data transfer withinthe array, battery levels, etc. Or, an external user interface block 381with associated modem block 383 may be connected.

The ports 107 can be viewed as having multiple internal connections ordata streams, as shown in the magnified view of the transferred signals401, which can be communicated for example via the interface 207. Theports 107 can pass power 403 bidirectionally, in response to thecommands issued by the orchestration processor 339 and power controller313 of each of the blocks, under the command of the orchestrationprocessor 339 of the primary block 103m. For example, if external power433 is being supplied by a power accessory 431, then the availability ofthat accessory will be reported to the primary block 103 m, which willthen coordinate power transfers from the external power accessory 431through to the rest of the connected blocks 103.

Multiple parallel data streams are supported by the interconnectionports 107, specifically the communications devices 207. These may becarried over separate physical channels, contacts, or communicationschips, or may be multiplexed into one or more underlying physical datastreams. Low-speed command and control signals 405 are used fororchestration and low-rate communication and control throughout thearray using a CAN (Controller-Area Network) or similar. A management10/100/1000 ethernet network 407 or similar with dynamic routing withinthe connected elements is used for higher-speed communications andcontrol, including beam-pointing instructions from the antenna controlunit, modem command and control signals internal or external to theterminal, and management, programming, and configuration of the terminaland individual blocks from an external computer. A user data 10/100/1000ethernet link 409 carries the user traffic from the modem through thearray to one or more accessories for access by the user, such as a localwireless access card 461 with a wifi or Bluetooth antenna 463, anethernet adapter accessory 451 to connect to an external ethernetnetwork 453, or an adapter 421 to connect via USB or other connection toan external computer, radio, or other device 423.

Finally, a high-speed synchronized packet line 411 carrying the sampledRF signal data 305 to and from the antenna apertures 105 and DSPprocessors 335 in the attached blocks 103, or out of the terminalaltogether through a modem port 441 to pass the digital data(potentially converted to an L-band IF signal) to an external modem 443(which may be desirable in some use cases).

This flexible architecture allows terminals to be customized in size andapplications by connecting different accessories. Depending on thedesired applications and use cases, the functionality of some of theaccessories could be integrated into the modules 103 themselves undersealed covers (i.e., enclosed by a module housing); for example,providing a single ethernet port on each module that would provideexternal connectivity for the management and data networks, power viapower over ethernet for charging, and interconnection to a computer.Whether using a separate accessory 421, 431, 441, 451, 461 through thesealed magnet-mount data ports 107 or including the functionality in theaperture block 103 itself depends on the use cases and requirements forthe terminal system as a whole. Additional accessory types are alsopossible, including data storage, external batteries, chargers forexternal devices to make use of the batteries internal to the apertureblocks 103, etc.

An implementation of this disclosure places a number of constraints onthe shape and size of the aperture blocks 103. The larger the blocks103, the fewer are required to be interconnected to achieve a givencommunications performance, but the individual blocks are bulkier andheavier, thus complicating transport. Smaller blocks 103 require moreblocks to be interconnected, increasing the time taken to assemble anddisassemble, but might allow more blocks to be distributed to moreindividuals within a group to distribute the transport, thus making somelevel of communications available to more individuals within the group,no matter how separated they might become or into which subgroups theyare separated at a moment in time. The shape of the blocks should besuch that they may be tiled or tessellated in arbitrary numbers to formarbitrarily large or small arrays. Because there will be gaps, evensmall, between the antenna apertures 105, supporting aperiodic tilingsor rotationally-symmetric rather than translationally-symmetric tilingsof aperture blocks are desirable. Aperiodic and asymmetric tilings arepreferred since periodic or symmetric structures can possess undesirablecharacteristics in the sidelobes of the resulting overall antenna beam.

FIG, 5 shows three possible implementation shapes for an aperture block103, namely a triangular block 103 x in FIG. 5(a), a square block 103 yin FIGS. 1, 5 (b), and a hexagonal block 103 z in FIG. 5(c). Manytriangular configurations are possible, but a particularly desirableoption is the triangle of which five triangular blocks 103 form aregular pentagon, with interior angles of the triangular block 103 of72, 54, and 54 degrees. This specific triangle tiles into a regularpolygon with no reflectional symmetries, and can be tiled into a largenumber of different irregular polygons and other shapes with primarilyrotational symmetry. This is highly desirable compared to the periodicarrays that are achievable when using the square 103 y or hexagonal 103z options. Triangles that form regular polygons with a small, odd numberof sides are more likely to produce desirable tilings or tesselationsthan others (such as equilateral triangles that naturally form regularhexagons with six sides). Another option is irregular pentagons, ofwhich there are 15 families that are capable of tiling the plane with asingle shape (see Wolchover, Pentagon Tiling Proof Solves Century-OldMath Problem); however, the more complex the shape, the more challengingfor the end user to tile into an appropriate and workable array. Othershapes are also possible, including the options that allow for multipleshapes of aperture blocks to be tiled together.

In the case where the shape of the aperture block 103 has multiple edgelengths (like the triangle 103x), then the interconnection ports 107 inthe long and short edges can have different sizes or orientations toensure that the blocks can only be assembled in a compliant way.

Rather than a conventional phased array or electrically-steered antenna,the antenna aperture 105 can be implemented using a lens array asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 10,116,051, which is especially useful forlenses that are substantially flat (e.g., non-spherical) to form aphased array. FIG. 6 demonstrates how an array of transmit 605 andreceive 603 lenses might be tiled within a triangular aperture block601. The lenses 603, 605 are shown as being circular, but can behexagonal (as in U.S. Pat. No. 10,116,051) or any other suitable shapeand size. The ratio of transmit to receive lenses can be varied toadjust the overall array performance. The aperture 105 could also beimplemented by combined receive and transmit lenses supporting eitherfull- or half-duplex operation to optimize the gain of the terminal 101in either mode for a given number of blocks. The benefits of the lensarray over a conventional array antenna is that the power consumptionand heat generation is lower, which is critical for a battery-operatedapplication, and the component count is much reduced.

In addition, capabilities for simple extension to multiple beamoperation for NGSO are included. FIG. 7 then illustrates how theseblocks can be tiled together to form arrays of a single 701 (FIG. 7(a)),five 703 (FIG. 7(b)), ten 705 (FIG. 7(c)), and twenty 707 (FIG. 7(d))aperture blocks.

To demonstrate the level of flexibility to work with an arbitrary numberof aperture blocks. FIG. 8 demonstrates array terminals composed of 145elements 801-815, and 20 elements 820. These are representativetilings—other arrangements area possible and acceptable. In general, thedenser the tiling the more practical. The benefit of supporting manyfilings with different shapes is that any number of elements 103 may becombined to form the terminal 101, and they may be combined in manyways, simplifying assembly; as long as the module can fit, it can beinstalled and function.

FIG. 9(a) shows a representative terminal 901 assembled from fivetriangular aperture blocks 103 x assembled in a regular pentagon. Threeaccessories are shown assembled on the device—a power adapter 431, adata cable 451, and a local wireless adapter 461. This is one of manypotential configurations that is achievable using the blocks andaccessories described previously (e,g., with the angles 72, 54, and 54degrees). For clarity, the accessories, such as adapter 431, cable 451and adapter 461, are on the outside of the triangular block 103 housing,such as coupled to the block 103 at the port 107; though in otherembodiments the accessory can be integral with the block 103.

FIG. 9(b) shows another embodiment of the terminal assembly 951 thatconnects five triangular aperture blocks 103 x to an external userinterface block 381, which is connected via a cable 385 to the modemblock 383 and external battery 315 z. The modem block 383 and externalbattery 315 z are shown superimposed on a backpack to illustrate thatthose components need not be unpacked in order to connect them to theantenna array 951, easing quick setup and breakdown of the system.

FIG. 10 illustrates the operation flowchart of the terminal 101.Beginning with a request 1001 for a terminal to be deployed, a terminalis first configured 1003. A plurality of aperture blocks 103 and anyassociated accessories (including external user interface 381 or modemblocks 383) are jointly inspected, optionally have their batteries (ifany) charged, and configured 1005 with the same satellite, modem, andoperational settings and any required credentials to be able to connectto provisioned capacity on the network. Once a set of blocks areconfigured appropriately before departing to the field, then anycombination or subset of the blocks 103 may be combined to form anoperational terminal. Then, the blocks with any allocated accessoriesare distributed 1007 to the end users.

In the field, when the end users have a need to communicate 1011, theterminal is assembled and setup 1013. First, the blocks and necessaryaccessories must be unpacked and assembled 1015 into an array, with thedocumentation illustrating preferred arrangements, to form a singleconnected unit on the ground or other flat surface. Here, one or more ofthe blocks 103 are physically connected together by connecting themating posts and holes to form a continuous block assembly, andoptionally attaching an accessory to one or more of the blocks.

When the blocks 103 are assembled and all accessories connected, step1015, the end user then presses 1017 the power button 301 on any one ofthe connected units. This triggers the coordination phase 1019 of thesetup process, in which the set of connected blocks 103 jointlycommunicate by means of the ad-hoc mesh network of port connections inwhich they are assembled to identify the number, orientation, andgeometry of connected blocks, identify any of the connected accessories,and select one of the blocks to be the primary block 103m. The primaryblock is selected based on configurable metrics such as proximity to themodem, central position within the array, or battery charge level. Thisprocess is performed on each block 103 by the orchestration processor339. Temporary addresses for each block 103 are mutually determinedaccording to their locations within the array to facilitatecommunications. For example and with reference to FIG. 9(a), block 103 xmight be chosen as the primary block of the array 901. In this case,addresses might then be determined in a breadth-first traversal mannerthrough all connected ports 107 of each connected block in the array901. The primary block would be assigned address 1, the blocks (if any)attached to each of the ports then assigned addresses 2, 3, 4. In array901, only addresses 2 and 3 are used for the blocks to the left andright respectively. The remaining blocks would be addressed in the samemanner. Command and control signals can then be sent and receivedbetween blocks that are not directly connected through messages beingforwarded by intervening aperture blocks. The status of this process andany faults are reported via the status indicators 303.

After the primary block is selected, it then takes control (runspecifically by the orchestration processor 339) over the communicationsand configuration of the array in the calibration and initializationphase 1021. Based on the geometry and orientation information determinedearlier, the primary block 103 m establishes power, signal, and datarouting paths throughout the array, simplifying the mesh networktopology to a defined set of connections, The terminal as a whole 101then self-calibrates under the control of the primary block 103 m,loading calibration coefficients from storage and performing self-checksto confirm that all connections are secure. Each block computes therelative orientation and offset distance to its neighbors independently,and the terminal under the control of the primary block 103 m uses aconsensus approach to compare the calculations by different blocks 103to arrive at a single value for each interface in the terminal 101. Thecomputed orientation and offset are then used by the calibrationroutines to correct the phase settings for each block to ensure accuratebeamforming by the array as a whole.

A block or blocks are selected to act as the antenna control unit (ACU)and the modem, unless an external modern accessory 443 or external modemblock 383 and external user interface 381 are installed, in which casethe digitized waveforms or signals are routed to/from the external modemaccessory or external modem block. The location and overall orientationof the terminal relative to the earth and the satellite is determinedusing the INU 343 and GNSS sensors 345 on one or more of the connectedblocks under the control of the orchestration processor 339 of theprimary block 1203 m, and at least one beam is formed to connect to atleast one satellite, based on the configuration data loaded during theconfiguration phase 1003.

A beam is implemented as a bidirectional stream of digital waveformsamples containing the transmitted and received signals, where thesignals to be transmitted are distributed to all of the aperture blocks103 for the appropriate magnitude and phase offsets to be applied beforebeing transmitted by each respective aperture 105, and the receivedsignals are aggregated from all of the apertures 105 in the apertureblocks 103 and combined to a single sampled waveform from the terminalas a whole and provided to the modem. Once the satellite link isestablished, which starts with a receive-only connection beingestablished to locate the target satellite and confirm that the expectedsignal is received from the satellite before enabling the transmit link,any external data accessories are activated, and the terminal 101 enters1031 the operation phase 1033. The status of this process and any faultsare reported via the status indicators 303.

In the operation phase, step 1033, bidirectional data is transferred, atstep 1035, over the satellite links through the combined aperture formedfrom all of the interconnected apertures 105 in each block 103 of theblock assembly. In this phase, both transmitted and received waveformsare continually streamed through the array between the satellite and themodem, subject to any implementation requirements for half-duplexoperation. The beam or beams continue to track the satellites, step1037, and report feedback to the users, step 1039, via the physical userinterface 303 or via a data link 461, 451, 421 to an end user device.Tracking data and command and control signals from the primary block 103m continue to be transferred between the blocks to update beam pointingdirections, power levels, calibration settings, and other operationalinformation of use to the individual blocks within the terminal 101.This process continues while the terminal 101 remains in operation.Terminal status is reported via the status indicators 303 as well asover the data links to the end user device. The terminal willcontinually monitor the received signal from the satellite to use fortracking purposes. If the received signal is lost, then the transmitbeam must be immediately disabled until the received signal can bereacquired, as is standard in SATCOM terminal operation.

Shutdown of the terminal is triggered 1041 either by the user issuing acommand through a data link, pressing the power button 301 on theinterface of any one of the connected aperture blocks 103, or breakingany one of the connections between blocks by starting to disassemble theterminal 101. The primary block 103 m then instantly disables 1045 thetransmit function of all of the blocks 103, and then powers down theentire system. The user then disassembles and stores 1047 the apertureblocks 103 for transport. As necessary to re-start communications 1011,the process repeats starting with the setup phase 1013.

If new modules 103 are added to a terminal 101. In the operation state1033, the terminal can either automatically revert back to the setupphase 1013 to reconfigure for the larger size, or wait for the user torequest the setup and recalibration process to begin.

This disclosure demonstrates a good configuration for a manpack SATCOMterminal. It is highly modular, with completely interchangeablecomponents. Failure of any one component does not prevent the terminalfrom operating, instead only a single element is removed. Assembly inthe field comprises removing the tiles from a backpack or othercarry-case, placing them all facing the sky with a view of the desiredsatellite in a moderately-level location, and snapping them together.For operation with a LEO constellation, no knowledge of satellitelocation is needed just a clear view of the sky. Assembly can beaccomplished within short minutes. The ports 107 are keyed so that theywill only connect if they are supposed to connect, with the aperturesfacing the same direction (up) and all edges of triangles (for example)aligned with like edges. With integrated batteries, there is no need tofind power in order to operate the terminals, and the battery capacitycan be scaled up and down to meet application requirements. Asenvironmentally sealed units with integrated, sealed housings thatincorporate the RF-transparent radome above the aperture, they arewell-suited for operation in dirty environments. The ports themselvesare large enough to be easily cleaned or washed of gross debris, and thesystem is not sensitive to grit, dust, and dirt on the surfaces.

Assembling more aperture blocks 103 together increases the aperturearea; the triangular preferred shape 103 x creates an irregular,non-periodic tiling that is preferred from the perspective of theaperture. This terminal 101 is suitable for both large and smallthroughput applications — more blocks 103 are used to generate morethroughput, since both more RF power as well as aperture area and gainare available for both transmit and receive modes.

Electrical steering of the beams is necessary to allow for both highantenna gain as well as no moving parts. Without electrical steering,the aperture would need to be physically oriented towards the satelliteeither by the user or by actuators, which is undesirable and removes thekey benefits of this terminal. The beam direction is determined by theorchestration controller 339, with the specific settings for theaperture 105 determined by the beam controller processor 327. Each beamis electronically scanned in the way that is appropriate for the type ofantenna aperture 105 that is used to implement the antenna. For example,a phased array of patch antennas would have a phase and magnitudesetting on each patch antenna that would be configured by the beamcontroller 327 to produce a beam in the desired direction, subject tocalibration coefficients for the specific aperture block.

When an array 101 is assembled of multiple aperture blocks 103, thealignment features built into the interconnection ports 107 will ensurethat blocks are connected in acceptable fashions. However, theachievable mechanical tolerances on assembly may not allow forsufficiently repeatable and exact alignment (relative position andorientation) of neighboring aperture blocks 103 that the aperture arraycould reliably form beams without self-calibration.

Calibration of the array before operation would be intended to correctfor relative position and orientation offsets between the apertureblocks 103 forming the array 101, as well as phase differences andmismatches in the interconnections 107 themselves. This process must beautomatic in order for this system to operate, since the array isintended to be assembled and disassembled in the field without externalequipment.

One solution is to have each of the aperture blocks independently lockonto a strong signal, and measure the differences in the receivedsignals from each block as a way to compute the phase corrections foreach block to accurately form beams. This can be done by transmittingtest signals from one or more blocks, or by listening to a knownsatellite signal.

This method may be improved if the relative positions and orientationsof the aperture blocks can be estimated to a high degree of accuracyprior to evaluating the signals in the RF domain. FIG. 11 illustrates ameasurement method for characterizing jointly the relative position andorientation offset between two aperture blocks 103. A sensor 1101 can beintegrated into an interconnection port 107, and can interface inoperation with a second identical sensor 1101 b. The sensor 1101includes a single optical or light transmitter 1123 that is coupledthrough the housing by a light guide 1121 to a transmit port 1103. Thelight transmitter 1123 can be an infrared, UV, or visible light LED orlaser diode.

The sensor includes a corresponding receive port 1105 with three lightreceivers 1133 and corresponding light guides 1131. The receivers 1133can be photodiodes or phototransistors. The receive port can have agenerally recessed hemispherical shape, with the three light guidesspaced in an equidistant pattern across the surface.

The light transmitter is driven by a signal generator 1141 that wouldcreate a high-frequency signal, where the desired position measurementprecision would be no more than 1 degree of phase at the nominalfrequency. For example, to measure distances on the order of 0.1 mm, asignal with maximum frequency content 1 GHz might be selected, since the30 cm wavelength at 1 GHz yields a light propagation distance of lessthan 0.1 mm for 1 deg of phase shift. Multiple sinusoidal tones or othersignals might be overlayed to allow for more precision on the absolutedistance measurements allowed by the sensor 1101.

The Light sensors generate signals corresponding to the light generatedby the opposite sensor 1101 b. The three received signals are comparedto the output of the signal generator and relative time delays/phaseshifts measured by comparators 1135, which can be implemented byphase-locked-loops or similar circuits. The measured time offsets and/orphase shifts would then be read by a processor 1143 to compare therelative time delays between the three signals, and therefor the threedistances between the transmitter 1103 b and the receivers 1131. Theprocessor 1143 also adjusts the signal generator 1141 to match thereceived signal and convert the two different systems into a singleloop. If multiple tones are created by the generators 1141, then filtersor frequency diplexers may be used to separate the different tones andcompare phases separately in separate comparators 1135, or unifiedcomparators could operate on the aggregate signals.

As this process continues in both associated sensors 1101, 1101 b, bothsensors generate measurements of the phase offset and therefore relativedistances between the transmitters 1103, 1103 b and the receivers 1105,1105 b. The arrangement and spacing of the transmitters and receivers1103, 1105 on one sensor 1101 are known, and are then used to computewith the path length differences/measured relative distances therelative position 1107 and orientations 1109, 1109 b of the two apertureblocks. This method uses processing techniques similar to those used forinterferometers, and relies on the base time delays in the light guidesand processing chain being known to allow their influence to be removedfrom the position calculations. This position and relative orientationcan then be used by the orchestration processors 339 of the blocks 103to calibrate the arrays and support the beamforming control calculationsto set phase weights for each individual aperture 105.

It is noted that the figures show the ports 107 on all sides of eachblock. However, the ports 107 can be provided on fewer than all sides ofeach block. In addition, though one example of the port 107 is shown,any suitable port can be utilized and the blocks can electronicallyand/or mechanically couple together in any suitable manner.

It is noted that the drawings may illustrate, and the description andclaims may use geometric or relational terms, such as side, edge, top,bottom, planar, coplanar, parallel, perpendicular, rectangular, square,triangular, circular, polygon, pentagon, equilateral triangle, irregularpolygon, etc. These terms are not intended to limit the disclosure and,in general, are used for convenience to facilitate the description basedon the examples shown in the figures. In addition, the geometric orrelational terms may not be exact. For instance, walls may not beexactly perpendicular or parallel to one another because of, forexample, roughness of surfaces, tolerances allowed in manufacturing,etc., but may still be considered to be perpendicular or parallel.

Numerous applications of the disclosure will readily occur to thoseskilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limit the disclosureto the specific examples disclosed or the exact construction andoperation shown and described. Rather, all suitable modifications andequivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of thedisclosure.

1-29. (canceled)
 30. A satellite communications terminal, comprising: aplurality of aperture blocks, individual aperture blocks of theplurality of aperture blocks are removably connected to one or more ofthe plurality of aperture blocks to form a block assembly with acombined antenna; one or more interconnection ports within theindividual aperture blocks to connect the individual aperture blocks;and a controller within the individual aperture blocks which measures,using the interconnection ports, one or more characteristics between aselected individual aperture block and each of the plurality of apertureblocks connected to the selected individual aperture block in order tocalibrate the combined antenna.
 31. The terminal of claim 30, whereinthe combined antenna of the block assembly has a combined apertureformed by antenna apertures of the individual aperture blocks.
 32. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein an antenna aperture of each of theindividual aperture blocks is obtained using a lens with a flat surface.33. The terminal of claim 30, wherein one of the plurality of apertureblocks is selected as a primary block that controls calibration.
 34. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the block assembly is configured to act asan integrated terminal, with modem and antenna control unit processingcapability, and position and orientation sensors provided by theplurality of aperture blocks or with modem, battery, antenna controlunit, and position and orientation sensors provided by an externalblock.
 35. The terminal of claim 30, wherein the controller is areconfigurable processing device or Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)in each of the plurality of aperture blocks.
 36. The terminal of claim30, further comprising an inductive power coupling providing wirelesspower transfer between the plurality of aperture blocks.
 37. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the interconnection ports have one or moreelectrical contacts for power transfer, and further comprising aremovable cover to protect the one or more electrical contacts.
 38. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the interconnection ports use short-rangehigh-frequency wireless communications for data transfer.
 39. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the interconnection ports use optical datacouplers for data transfer.
 40. The terminal of claim 30, furthercomprising one or more external data transfer and power accessoriesconnected to one or more of the interconnection ports for one or more ofthe plurality of aperture blocks.
 41. The terminal of claim 30, whereinthe antenna aperture is a digital phased array, an analog phased array,a lens antenna array, or a liquid crystal-based antenna.
 42. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the block assembly self-calibrates tocorrect phase settings of each of the individual aperture blocks. 43.The terminal of claim 30, wherein relative distance and orientation ofthe plurality of aperture blocks are determined for calibration bymeasuring optical path length differences by phase comparisons forhigh-frequency optically modulated signals from a transmitter containedwithin one of the individual aperture blocks and a receiver containedwithin at least three other of the individual aperture blocks.
 44. Theterminal of claim 30, wherein the terminal is configured to act as aVery Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) satellite communications terminal.45. The terminal of claim 30, wherein the terminal operates incommercial and military Ka-band satcom frequencies, in Ku-band satcomfrequencies, in X-band satcom frequencies, or across multiple bands. 46.A dynamically configured satellite communication terminal, the terminalcomprising: a primary modular block, wherein in the primary modularblock has a primary antenna aperture; and a plurality of modular blocks,wherein the plurality of modular blocks have a corresponding pluralityof antenna apertures, the primary modular block and the plurality ofmodular blocks are interconnected individual blocks of the terminal, anantenna aperture of the terminal is a combination of the primary antennaaperture and the plurality of antenna apertures, and the individualblocks perform communication to determine a number of the individualblocks of the terminal and a geometry and orientation of the individualblocks of the dynamically configured satellite communication terminal.47. The satellite communication terminal according to claim 46, whereinthe antenna aperture of each of the individual blocks is obtained usinga lens with a flat surface.
 48. The satellite communication terminalaccording to claim 46, wherein each of the individual blocks includesone or more interconnection ports, each of the individual blocks isconnected at a respective interconnection port to one of one or moreother individual blocks, and each of the individual blocks performs thecommunication, via the respective interconnection port, with the one ormore other individual blocks.
 49. The satellite communication terminalaccording to claim 48, wherein, for each of the individual blocks, aninterconnection at the respective interconnection port to the one of theone or more other individual blocks constrains the one of the one ormore other individual blocks to be coplanar with the individual block.50. The satellite communication terminal according to claim 48, whereineach of the individual blocks performs the communication usingelectronic components that perform short-range wireless communication,using optical devices, or using electrical contacts.
 51. The satellitecommunication terminal according to claim 46, wherein the primarymodular block is selected automatically from among the individual blocksbased on a metric determined via the communication.
 52. The satellitecommunication terminal according to claim 51, wherein each of theindividual blocks is assigned an address in accordance with a relativeposition to the individual block that is selected as the primary modularblock.
 53. The satellite communication terminal according to claim 51,wherein the metric is proximity to a modem of the satellitecommunication terminal, battery charge level, or relative position amongthe individual blocks.
 54. The satellite communication terminalaccording to claim 46, wherein the primary modular block directs aself-calibration of the individual blocks to correct for time-dependentchanges to thermal or frequency response.
 55. The satellitecommunication terminal according to claim 46, wherein the communicationis of digitized waveforms.
 56. A method of assembling a modular blockfor inclusion in a dynamically configured satellite communicationterminal, the method comprising: arranging two or more interconnectionports to be symmetric across a geometric center of the modular block,wherein each of the two or more interconnection ports facilitatesinterconnection with another modular block of the satellitecommunication terminal; configuring each of the two or moreinterconnection ports for communication, wherein the communication amonga plurality of the modular blocks of the satellite communicationterminal is used to determine a number of the plurality of the modularblocks and a position and orientation of the modular block among theplurality of the modular blocks.
 57. The method according to claim 56,further comprising arranging a lens with a flat surface to implement anantenna aperture of the modular block.
 58. The method according to claim56, wherein the configuring each of the two or more interconnectionports for communication includes configuring each of the two or moreinterconnection ports for communication of digitized waveforms.
 59. Themethod according to claim 56, wherein the configuring each of the two ormore interconnection ports for communication includes arrangingelectronic components that perform short-range wireless communication,optical devices, or electrical contacts.